History and Role Of Trade Union - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1630 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Trade unions 1. Brief history on trade union The history of the trade union can be seen to have begun in the Industrial Revolution, where the rise of factories and the deskilling of labour led to workers seeking security through collective bargaining agreements. However, these early efforts at unionisation were generally deemed to be illegal, and punished by imprisonment or transportation to the colonies, such as in the case of the Tolpuddle Martyrs (Webb and Webb, 1976, p. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History and Role Of Trade Union" essay for you Create order 23). However, in the nineteenth century many of the laws that prevented the formation of unions were repealed. As a result, trade unions grew rapidly, supported by the passage of further laws such as the 1906 Trade Disputes Act, which protected employees from being sued for going on strike, provided their strike was carried out by a trade union and met certain rules (Beckett, 2001, p. 22). Indeed, as of the present day, trade unions are the only accepted vehicle through which industrial action can occur. Role of trade union in the UK In spite of their important role in industrial action, this is not actually only an aspect of the trade unions major role, which is to engage in collective bargaining on behalf of its member. This is important in unskilled and semi skilled working environments, where individual employees might be unaware of market rates of pay, and thus not be able to bargain effectively. Ultimately, this has led to a degree of institutional separation between day to day working practices and the negotiation of wages (Employee Relations, 1990, p. 15). However it is important to also realise that another role of the trade union is to negotiate these working practices, including the length of shifts, holidays, sick pay and other practices. Finally, the trade union also plays a role in supporting its members if they feel they have been unfairly dismissed, or discriminated against. Here, the union employs legal experts who have knowledge of employment laws, and thus can ensure that employees are treated fairly, such as in the case of Roberts v West Coast Trains Ltd [2004] (BAILII, 2010). Practical (action relationship) The main practical actions that trade unions can take fall into two categories. The first is large scale practical actions by all members, including strikes and other coordinated industrial action. It should be noted that these actions are only triggered by a properly conducted ballot of union members, and hence can occur when the union members disagree with any action taken by management. For example, in 2009 the trade union Unite launched industrial action to prevent Total Oil Company using mainly overseas contractor at its Lindsey Oil Refinery, in spite of the Acas tribunal ruling that this use of contractors was not illegal (Gill, 2009, p. 29). As such, it can be argued that trade unions not only act when the written contract between managers and employees has been broken, but also when the psychological contract has been broken. The other main practical actions that trade unions take are for individual employees, including the legal assistance mentioned above, but also t he provision of services such as unemployment benefits, sick pay and even additional pension provision. Rights reference of trade union Trade unions give employees several important rights that they would not otherwise possess as individuals. First and foremost amongst these is the effective right to strike. Whilst no individual or trade union has the right to strike in the UK, striking is also not a criminal offence, it is a civil one (Goswami, 2007, p. 8). As such, if an individual chooses to strike, they would become liable for the losses sustained by their employer due to their strike action. However, if a trade union holds a properly conducted ballot, then their members are protected from liability for these actions, effectively giving them the right to strike. The other main right trade unions have is the right to collectively bargain on behalf of their members, thus negotiating a pay settlement for all members that can then be agreed on in a vote of the members. Trade unions may also have the right to legally represent their members in any dispute with the employer, although this will often depend on t he structure and laws of the union. Example of industrial disputes One recent dispute that is of interest is the case of British Airways and the trade union Unite. In this case, Unite called for strike action in response to the cost cutting program instituted by British Airways. This case is of interest due to its relation to the psychological contract. The psychological contract holds that employees will help the company make a profit, and in return managers will respect the employees and provide good working conditions (Gill, 2009, p. 29). However, in the case of BA, the company was making massive losses. This indicates that Unite was not interested in the companys financial problems, and was instead more focused on maintaining its relevance, and the social contract it can be seen to hold with its members. Specifically, the social contract implies that employees will support the union when it calls for strike action, in exchange for receiving the support of the union in other areas (Peyrat-Guillard, 2008, p. 479). A similar example can be seen in the recent dispute between the Rail Maritime and Transport union (RMT) and London Underground. In this case, the union called for a strike claiming that cuts would compromise passenger safety, even though they would not result in any salary cuts or compulsory redundancies (BBC News, 2010). Relevance and importance of trade union The relevance and importance of trade unions depends strongly on which analytical perspective is employed. A labour process theory perspective indicates that trade unions play a vital role in defending workers rights in the face of the relentless growth of global capitalism and neo liberalist economics (Braverman, 1974, p. 8). This argument holds that as the owners of capital and their agents, the managers, obtain more control over the working process through mechanisation, so workers will be more vulnerable to exploitation. As such, trade unions need to ensure that their efforts to defend their workers match the efforts of managers looking to undermine them. According to this viewpoint, the RMTs actions in the recent Underground strike were fully justified, as if they failed to act the managers would succeed in removing 800 employees, thus increasing managements ability to exploit the remaining workers. In contrast, a post structuralist view of the issue indicates that the s trike is more likely to be a product of the union attempting to maintain its own power, partly by opposing anything that might allow power to shift towards managers in the future, and partly by maintaining its relevance in the eyes of employees (Foucault, 2003, p. 6). The post structuralist view thus holds that unions are not particularly relevant or important in a modern capitalist society, and are in fact acting more to maintain their own power than to actually perform their role in society. Size and components (hierarchy) of the trade union Trade unions range in size from smaller specialist unions such as the British Orthoptic Society Trade Union, with a membership of just over a thousand (TUC, 2010), to the massive International Trade Union Confederation, which is a federation of 301 affiliated trade unions, with a total membership of 176 million workers (ITUC, 2010). There are also smaller unions each representing individual workplaces. In general, the structure of most unions will be set up to allow them to operate as an artificial legal entity. This helps them to carry out negotiations on behalf of its members, as well as ensuring that it can represent its members in the event of any individual disputes. Unions are also mandated by local laws to have a democratic structure and elected leadership in order to ensure that any strike action they take is legal. This is an important aspect of a trade union, as workers themselves do not have an implicit right to strike, they only have protection from legal action i f a strike is organised by a union in a properly conducted ballot of members (Goswami, 2007, p. 8). Conclusion In conclusion, trade unions still tend to play an important role in protecting workers and helping them enforce their legal rights, particularly in cases when these rights may be uncertain or under debate. Unions will also be able to support employees when they feel that the psychological contract between workers and managers is being breached, and can help workers to renegotiate this contract if necessary. Unfortunately, a post structuralist view of the trade unions indicates that the unions tend to be more responsive to their own social contract with the workers, than to the actual needs and demands of the workplace itself. This can lead to unions behaving in overly militant ways, particularly when they feel their own power and relevance is being threatened. References 1. BAILII (2010) British and Irish Legal Information Institute. https://www.bailii.org/ Accessed 9th September 2010. 2. BBC News (2010) London Underground strike causes severe disruption. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-11209522 Accessed 9th September 2010. 3. Beckett, F. (2001) Bring back the right to strike. New Statesman; Vol. 130, Issue 4528, p. 22. 4. Braverman, H. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capital. New York, Free Press 5. Employee Relations (1990) Institutional Separation. Employee Relations; Vol. 12, Issue 5, p. 15-17. 6. Foucault, M. (2003) Society Must be Defended. New York: Picador. 7. Gill, C. (2009) How Unions Impact on the State of the Psychological Contract to Facilitate the adoption of New Work Practices (NWP). New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations; Vol. 34, Issue 2, p. 29-43. 8. Goswami, N. (2007) UK Govt declares in ECJ that strike actions be curtailed. Lawyer; Vol. 21, Issue 2, p. 8. 9. Peyrat-Guillard, D. (2008) Union Discourse and Percei ved Violation of Contract: A Social Contract-Based Approach. Industrial Relations; Vol. 63, Issue 3, p. 479-501 10. TUC (2010) Britains unions. Trades Union Congress. https://www.tuc.org.uk/tuc/unions_main.cfm Accessed 9th September 2010. 11. Webb, S. and Webb, B. (1976) History of Trade Unionism. New York: AMS Press.

Thesis on Hiv - 5798 Words

THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND PRACTICE IN THE PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MALE ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS IN SELECTED AREAS IN CAVITE An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Nursing University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Molino, Bacoor Cavite In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing CHARMAINE ROSE P. CABIGUNDA DIVINE GRACE M. HIFARVA ARIEL F. DELA PENA SHIELD LYN B. MALANO FRANCIS T. MONTEHERMOSO APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled â€Å"The Level of Awareness and Practice in the Prevention of HIV/AIDS among Young Adult in Selected Areas in Cavite†, prepared and submitted by, Charmaine Rose P. Cabigunda, Ariel F. Dela Pena, Divine Grace M. Hifarva, Shield†¦show more content†¦Adolescents do not have easy access to essential facts about HIV. The most-recent national survey among young people on HIV and STI awareness showed 73% thought that they are immune to HIV. Among high-risk 15-17 year olds, only 18-24% was able to answer 5 simple questions on HIV, compared with 31-46% among adults. .Adolescents with high-risk behaviors often finds themselves excluded from HIV services. For example, among 15-17 year old boys with high risk behaviors surveyed, only up to 0.5% had ever been tested for HIV. (DOH NEC HIV AIDS Registry December 2010; 2009 DOH Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance; Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 2003) These initiatives become relevant in the face of growing threats of HIV/AIDS infection particularly among young people. Worldwide, they are considered one of the more vulnerable segments of the population insofar as HIV/AIDS infection is concerned. The population within the age range 15-24 continues to comprise the major bulk of HIV infections. Based on estimates by the UNAIDS, more than half of new infections belong to this age group (UN, 2002). The vulnerability of young people to sexually transmitted infection is associated with their growing involvement in risk behaviors such as early and unprotected sex, having multiple partners, drug use and alcohol abuse. Recent statistics on adolescent sexuality in the Philippines point to an increasing number of youngShow MoreRelatedCell Biology Thesis On Hiv / Aids2976 Words   |  12 PagesCell Biology Thesis on HIV/Aids Thesis statement: HIV infected cells destroys the bodies’ white blood cells, affecting ones immune system and in turn altering patient’s lifestyle choices and circumstances. My chosen Cell Biology thesis is based entirely on HIV/Aids and the fact that society tends to overlook/disregard the severity of this very serious health issue. HIV/Aids does not allow patients to live a normal life because being diagnosed with the disease is a total life changing experience thatRead MoreOutline Of A Speech On Hiv And Aids1284 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech:____Hemophilia and HIV/AIDs in the modern world__________ I. Introduction: (attention getter and transition to get to thesis) Attention Getter: About 400,000 people are living with hemophilia, a rare blood disorder that causes blood to clot abnormally. Many of these people also develop HIV and AIDS, an immune deficiency. Even more shocking is the 78 million people living with HIV. All of these conditions are lifelong and fatal. Over 40 million people each year die of HIV or hemophilia. What sRead MoreInformative Speech on Rwandan Genocide Outline1300 Words   |  6 PagesBen Johnson Intro to Comm. 1320-04 11/8/12 Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter:Read MoreEssay on Professional Sports - Injured Athletes and Early Retirement1613 Words   |  7 Pagesfield help you on the road to recovery. It is to your advantage to seek the treatment and rehabilitation for your well being and security. The scientific community is becoming more and more knowledgeable everyday, so please get the help.    The thesis work The Occupational and Personal Adjustment to Retirement by William Lide, B.S., M.Ed. (1981) discusses the retirement decision and reaction to failure. The initial reaction to the retirement decision after being cut and or injured is one of bitternessRead MoreEssay On Mother To-Child Transmission783 Words   |  4 Pagesvirus (HIV) accounts for nearly all new infections in young children around the world1. Although the incidence rate of HIV has declined in most parts of the world over the last 15 years, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2015, more than 1.4 million pregnant women globally lived with HIV.2 Without treatment, an HIV-positive pregnant woman has a 30-35% risk of transmitting the infection to her child3. USAID estimates that 150,000 children in the world became infected with HIV throughRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethics Approval Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerated data, audio tapes and interview transcripts to my supervisors and me. The anonymity of co-researchers will further be ensured by removing any identifiable details in research findings; subsequent publications; conference presentations and final thesis. Group sessions and interviews will be held at a place that suits the research team after negotiation. Community centres, that are semi-urban community-gathering centres separated from the residential areas, are one possibility. No video recordingRead MoreUptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis In Hivya Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining the uptake, use and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV negative persons with partners living with HIV. Related to this study was another research conducted by the same researchers but this time they investigated antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. In another study conducted by AIDS (London), the study was based on determining effectiveness and safety of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for all populations. A study conducted by EmoryRead MoreSubstance Use Disorders Are Chronic And Recurrent. Impulse Control1230 Words   |  5 Pagesunderlying many HIV risk behaviors. Un like some HIV risk behaviors such as engaging in unprotected sex, substance use disorders are more proximally associated with brain biology. In order to study HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users, we will use the data in a longitudinal manner rather than reducing the data to a cross-section or single measure (e.g., lifetime dependence). The reason is that a longitudinal data provides more valuable information about the long-term trajectories of the HIV risk behaviorsRead MoreLiterature Review : Risk Perception1709 Words   |  7 Pagesmisalignments. Individuals can have low risk perception in high prevalence situations, and vice versa. Research has consistently showed that in South Africa, the majority of youth perceive themselves as being at little or no risk of HIV infection, even though statistics show high HIV prevalence. A relevant theory in understanding risk perception is the optimistic bias theory. This is a cognitive bias where individuals believe they are less at risk of experiencing a negative event than someone else. TheRead MoreTuberculosis Is A Disease That Affects People998 Words   |  4 PagesIntro: Tuberculosis is a disease that affects many individuals throughout the world, and not always with the same prevalence. Thesis statement:For this research paper my goal is to explain and illustrate why certain populations tend to have higher infection rates of tuberculosis than the average population in the United States and what causes these higher rates. At what point do health officials step in and work on prevention in these specific populations and why aren’t we implementing the tuberculosis

Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders Free Essays

Whether we like it or not, there are always poor performers in any type of team or organization. These are employees or team members who do not meet the standards set by the organization. Commonly, poor performing employees are those who belong to Quartile Four when employees are force-ranked. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most managers and leaders agree that it’s not easy dealing with poor performers. As Levinson (2003) said, â€Å"it’s a wrenching task, but you have to face up to the need to confront poor performers, and either fix their shortcomings or fire them.  Ã¢â‚¬  Poor performers, no matter how small in number they may be, still have a big impact in the performance of the whole team or organization. As the HR Manager of the company, I would advise each member of the team to help one another in their tasks and job responsibilities. If the team members notice that there are poor performers among them, they should take immediate action by working with these people and talking to them. Having a good peer-to-peer conversation may reveal the issues that the employee is facing, thus, affecting his/her performance at work. This can help getting to the root cause of the problem and help the member solve it. Team members who are not performing well tend to share their problems and open up more easily with their peers than with their supervisor or manager. Poor performers can also be identified through feedback from peers and, if applicable, customers. The customers are the people who can see the outputs of the employee or member’s work. If it is unsatisfactory to the customer, then the employee must not be performing well. Peers are good sources of feedback when it comes to how the employee or team member really works when the boss is not around. The employee’s co-workers are the people s/he gets to work with day in and day out. They are the ones who can immediately see where the employee is good at and where he is not. Thus, these people can better provide the data and the tools to determine the poor performers in the team or organization. Though co-workers may contribute to the improvement of a poor performer, still, the best person who could talk to the person and give relevant advices is the immediate superior. The member’s immediate superior would know the areas where s/he needs more improvement. Thus, the superior can give better advice pertaining to these areas and how to better improve on them. The immediate superior can also give suggestions on some actions the member needs to do in order to improve on the areas identified. Coaching and mentoring are the key techniques in handling poor performers. Constant monitoring of the employee’s performance and regular coaching would do a lot of help in the improvement of the employee. People think that coaching is a negative thing when it is actually the opposite. Coaching provides a venue for both the employee and supervisor to talk about each other’s performance (Yes, employees get to speak to! ). However, if several coaching have already been done and all other mentoring techniques and help are also tried but the performance of the employee remains the same, it will be best for both parties for the employee to just say goodbye. The job may just not really be for him/her. References Levinson, M. (2003, November 1). How to Find, Fix or Fire Your Poor Performers. CIO Magazine. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://www. cio. com/archive/110103/poor. html Time to Stop Tolerating Poor Performers. (2006, February 26). The Sunday Times. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/article/0,,8543-2057887_1,00. html How to cite Building Effective Teams Managers and leaders, Papers

Disadvanteges of kaizen free essay sample

Even thought Kaizen costing have many advantages, the company will face several problems. The pit falls when apply Kaizen costing is resistance to change. Some companies need to bring about an immense change in their mindset and ways of functioning. This is sometimes very difficult which will create initial problem that lead to bad performance to the company itself. In addition, the company must have open style communication in order to make sure management style practice by the worker. This is because there will be some worker are unwilling to let go their work areas as they feel unsafe and do not have any knowledge as well as experience to apply the Kaizen Costing. Moreover, lack of proper procedure to implement cause the pit fall of this technique. This is because during application of Kaizen costing in the company, they need to step up proper procedure so they can see the flow, achievement of the company and get the results they are looking for. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvanteges of kaizen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lack of proper procedure will make them believe that the Kaizen costing is not give benefit to them as well as not the best practice. Lastly, too much suggestion may lead to confusion and time wastage. The key component of Kaizen costing is the identification of flaws in the system or areas in which a system can be improved. Kaizen costing is based on frequent small tweaks to cut costs and the managers need to micro-manage process. That will lead a total breakdown communication barrier between the managers and the employees. The managers and employees will have their own opinion regarding the way to improve the system. When there are too much suggestion it may cause of confusion and time wastage. There are few ways regarding to proceed Kaizen costing in a company which is in management, organization and employees. Firstly, the management needs to make an approachment and a mechanism to keep the management system on track and the activation of Kaizen activities. The management of the company must select a worker and train him to be a leader. The selected worker must be attending the seminar or training about the Kaizen costing. So, he will manage to educate the other employees in each of company department regarding of Kaizen costing knowledge. The next step is in the organization itself by continuity of developing the entire Kaizen organization. The organization must give a membership to each of the employees so the rules and regulations can be made. Every employee is need to follow all the rules and regulation made by the organization so there will no excuse made by them to avoid using the Kaizen costing method. Lastly in perfective of employees itself they need to change the way of thinking by understand the meaning of Kaizen and actively participate in Kaizen activities. The company also needs to get the employees opinion so they will know the feedback from the employees after using this technique. In the other way, the company needs to make seminar and training so it will be improve the knowledge of the employees about the Kaizen costing. In conclusion, Kaizen costing is the best practice. This can be refer on the way it indentifying the problem at the source and from there they find solution been taken up. Kaizen costing believe that every single problem is the opportunities to the company to improve. Moreover, it provides immediate results. Kaizen costing focus on the smart and creative investment which it solve large number of small problems. It on going process in making small improvements which improve process and reduce waste in areas such as transportation, employee skills, over production and others. By this way it improves the use of capital, production capacity and product quality. On the other hand, based on the employee’s satisfaction, they feel very happy due Kaizen make their work becomes easier to complete and faster compare than before. There also higher the moral and job satisfaction of employee because Kaizen is easy to apply. And cause lower turn-over between the employees due to working experience that they received.